Formula brakes work exactly the same way as any other disk brake system installed on modern cars.
They use carbon disks and pads because of the increased stopping power and the temperature resistence.
Alot of cooling air is directed to the brakes to cool them off as quickly as possible. They don't want the carbon to stay warm and oxidize and be hot when they use the brakes again for the next corner.
Formula One brake calipers don't have more than 4-6 pistons as the weight and rigidity of the caliper is much more important than creating alot of force.
Power, whether measured as HP, PS, or KW is what accelerates cars and gets it up to top speed. Power also determines how far you take a wall when you hit it
Engine torque is an illusion.