I have suffered a similar problem with my father's turbocharged Xantia. A hose in the turbo system burst about 600 km from home on the autobahn in Germany. There was a noticeable decrease in power and a lot more smoke than usual (it is a diesel). So pissed off that my record run from Italy was interupted I checked in at a local Citroen dealer. After a quick drive and a check on the bridge he found the leaking hose. Having no spare part available he sent me on my way and told me to take it easy. With the lack of power there was no other way to take it.
Anyhow 600 km later we had the hose replaced and were assured by the dealer that little could have gone wrong. The only issue was a slightly clogged exhaust from the unburnt fuel that got in there. The advantage of it being a pressurized bit is that the airflow is out bound so there is little change of dirt getting in the engine. Our incident was in June and the car is still going strong. Actually we are going back to Germany tomorrow to the Essen Motorshow with it.
I am no expert, but it would surprise me if it caused any additional damage.
If you should see a man walking down a crowded street talking aloud to himself, don't run in the opposite direction, but run towards him, because he's a poet. You have nothing to fear from the poet - but the truth.
(Ted Joans)